In the following, is a complex number and is the imaginary unit. Consider the complex functionwhere . For a positive integer , defineIf necessary, you may use and
- [I.] Find all poles of . Also, find the order of each pole.
- [II.] Find the residue of each pole found in I.
- [III.] Let be a positive integer and set . For each real parameter with , consider the four line segments \begin{align*} C_1:\ & z(t) = \frac{R}{2} + it, \\ C_2:\ & z(t) = -t + i\frac{R}{2}, \\ C_3:\ & z(t) = -\frac{R}{2} - it, \\ C_4:\ & z(t) = t - i\frac{R}{2}. \end{align*} These four oriented segments form the boundary of a square centered at the origin, traversed counterclockwise. For each complex integral along (), find .
- [IV.] Let be the closed loop composed of the four line segments , and in III. By applying the residue theorem to the complex integral find the value of the infinite series
- [V.] Now replace by the complex function where is a positive integer. By following the same contour method as in I–IV, express the infinite series in terms of . Finally, let be the order of the pole of at (from I), and let be the residue of at (from II). Let denote the value of obtained in IV. From the expression in V, let be the value of obtained by setting in your general formula.Compute the integer\
[THOUGHT] We need to parse the problem carefully. It defines f(z) = cot(z)/z^2. Then D_m = limit as z→0 of d^m/dz^m (z cot z). They give D_2 = -2/3. Also, limit of (z - nπ)/sin(z) = (-1)^n for integer n.
Part I: Find all poles of f(z) and their order. f(z) = cot(z)/z^2 = cos(z)/(z^2 sin(z)). Poles occur where denominator z^2 sin(z) = 0. sin(z)=0 at z = nπ for integer n. At z=0, we have z^2=0 and sin(z)=0, so we need to examine order.
At z=0: cot(z) ~ 1/z - z/3 - z^3/45 - ... (Laurent series). Then z cot(z) ~ 1 - z^2/3 - z^4/45 - ... So f(z) = cot(z)/z^2 = (z cot(z))/z^3 ~ (1 - z^2/3 - ...)/z^3 = 1/z^3 - 1/(3z) + ... So at z=0, f has a pole of order 3? Let's check: cot(z) = cos(z)/sin(z). At z=0, sin(z) ~ z, cos(z)~1, so cot(z) ~ 1/z. Then f(z) ~ (1/z)/z^2 = 1/z^3. So indeed pole of order 3 at z=0.
At z = nπ, n ≠ 0 integer. sin(z)=0, cos(z) = (-1)^n ≠ 0. So cot(z) has a simple pole (since sin(z) has simple zero, cos(z) nonzero). Then f(z) = cot(z)/z^2. Since z^2 is nonzero at z=nπ (n≠0), the pole order of f at z=nπ is same as cot(z) there, i.e., simple pole.
Thus poles: z=0 (order 3), z=nπ for n ∈ ℤ{0} (order 1).
Part II: Residue at each pole.
First, residue at z=0 for f(z). Since pole order 3, we need coefficient of 1/z in Laurent expansion.
We can compute Laurent series of cot(z) around 0: cot(z) = 1/z - z/3 - z^3/45 - ... (standard). Then f(z) = cot(z)/z^2 = 1/z^3 - 1/(3z) - z/45 - ... So residue at z=0 is coefficient of 1/z: -1/3.
Thus r = -1/3.
Now residue at z = nπ, n ≠ 0 integer. Since simple pole, residue = lim_{z→nπ} (z - nπ) f(z) = lim_{z→nπ} (z - nπ) cot(z)/z^2.
But cot(z) = cos(z)/sin(z). sin(z) has simple zero at z=nπ. Using given limit: lim_{z→nπ} (z - nπ)/sin(z) = (-1)^n. Then lim_{z→nπ} (z - nπ) cot(z) = lim (z - nπ) cos(z)/sin(z) = cos(nπ) * lim (z - nπ)/sin(z) = (-1)^n * (-1)^n = 1. Because cos(nπ) = (-1)^n, and lim (z - nπ)/sin(z) = (-1)^n, product = (-1)^n * (-1)^n = 1.
Thus residue at z=nπ is lim (z - nπ) f(z) = [lim (z - nπ) cot(z)] / (nπ)^2 = 1 / (nπ)^2.
So residue at z=nπ is 1/(n^2 π^2). For n positive and negative? Since n integer nonzero, and residue formula uses n^2, same for n and -n.
Part III: Square contour with side length R = π(2M+1). For each C_k, we need limit as M→∞ of I_k = ∫_C_k f(z) dz.
We need to analyze f(z) = cot(z)/z^2. For large |z|, cot(z) is bounded? Actually cot(z) = i (e^{iz}+e^{-iz})/(e^{iz}-e^{-iz}) = i (e^{2iz}+1)/(e^{2iz}-1). For z = x+iy, if |y| large, cot(z) tends to ±i depending on sign of y. But our contour is square with vertices at (±R/2, ±R/2). As M→∞, R→∞, the square expands. However, f(z) decays like 1/z^2 for large |z| where cot(z) is bounded? But cot(z) may not be bounded everywhere; it has poles at nπ, but the square's horizontal sides are y = ±R/2, vertical sides x = ±R/2. As M large, these sides are at large |x| or |y|. We need to evaluate limit of integrals along each side.
We can maybe use the fact that f(z) = cot(z)/z^2, and cot(z) is periodic with period π. Possibly the integral over each side tends to zero as M→∞? Let's think.
But the problem likely expects that each I_k tends to 0 as M→∞. However, we need to compute limit for each k separately. But maybe they are not all zero? Let's check.
We can parameterize each C_k:
C1: z(t) = R/2 + i t, t from -R/2 to R/2? Wait: "z(t) = R/2 + i t" but t is real parameter? They say "for each real parameter t with -R/2 ≤ t ≤ R/2". So t runs from -R/2 to R/2. So C1: right vertical segment? Actually z = R/2 + i t, t from -R/2 to R/2. That's a vertical segment at x = R/2, y from -R/2 to R/2. But they said "oriented segments form boundary traversed counterclockwise". Let's check orientation: C1: z(t) = R/2 + i t, with t increasing? If t goes from -R/2 to R/2, then starting at t = -R/2: z = R/2 - i R/2 (bottom right), then as t increases to R/2, we go to z = R/2 + i R/2 (top right). That's upward vertical segment on right side. That's consistent with counterclockwise orientation if we go from bottom right to top right? Actually typical counterclockwise square: start at (-R/2, -R/2), go to (R/2, -R/2) (rightwards), then up to (R/2, R/2) (upwards), then left to (-R/2, R/2) (leftwards), then down to (-R/2, -R/2) (downwards). But here C1 is vertical upward at right side, so maybe they started at bottom right? Let's see definitions:
C1: z(t) = R/2 + i t, t from -R/2 to R/2. That's indeed vertical upward at right side.
C2: z(t) = -t + i R/2, t from -R/2 to R/2. Write z = -t + i R/2. As t increases from -R/2 to R/2, -t goes from R/2 to -R/2. So starting at t=-R/2: z = R/2 + i R/2 (top right), then as t increases, z moves leftwards along top edge to z = -R/2 + i R/2 (top left). So C2 is top horizontal leftwards.
C3: z(t) = -R/2 - i t, t from -R/2 to R/2. As t increases, -t decreases? Actually t from -R/2 to R/2: at t=-R/2, z = -R/2 + i R/2? Wait: z = -R/2 - i t. For t = -R/2, z = -R/2 - i(-R/2) = -R/2 + i R/2 (top left). For t = R/2, z = -R/2 - i(R/2) = -R/2 - i R/2 (bottom left). So C3 is vertical downward at left side.
C4: z(t) = t - i R/2, t from -R/2 to R/2. At t=-R/2: z = -R/2 - i R/2 (bottom left). At t=R/2: z = R/2 - i R/2 (bottom right). So C4 is bottom horizontal rightwards.
Thus orientation is indeed counterclockwise: right side up, top side left, left side down, bottom side right.
Now we need limit as M→∞ of I_k = ∫_C_k f(z) dz.
We can compute each integral explicitly? Possibly using symmetry? f(z) is even? f(-z) = cot(-z)/((-z)^2) = (-cot(z))/z^2 = -cot(z)/z^2 = -f(z). So f is odd. That might help.
But as M→∞, the sides go to infinity. For large |z|, f(z) ~ cot(z)/z^2. On vertical sides, x = ±R/2, y varies from -R/2 to R/2. As R→∞, |x| large, but cot(z) for large |x|? Actually cot(z) = i (e^{iz}+e^{-iz})/(e^{iz}-e^{-iz}) = i (e^{2iz}+1)/(e^{2iz}-1). For z = x+iy, e^{2iz} = e^{2i(x+iy)} = e^{2ix - 2y}. So magnitude |e^{2iz}| = e^{-2y}. So if y is fixed and |x|→∞, e^{2iz} oscillates, but its magnitude depends only on y. So on vertical sides, x is large but fixed ±R/2, but R→∞, so x→∞, but magnitude still depends on y. However, as |x|→∞, e^{2iz} oscillates rapidly, but the ratio (e^{2iz}+1)/(e^{2iz}-1) is bounded? Actually for large |x|, e^{2iz} is oscillatory, but its magnitude is e^{-2y}. So if y>0, e^{-2y} <1, so |e^{2iz}| small, then (e^{2iz}+1)/(e^{2iz}-1) ≈ -1, so cot(z) ≈ -i? Wait, careful.
Better approach: Use known integral of cot(z)/z^2 over large contours. Possibly the integral over the whole square tends to 0 as M→∞? But we need limit of each side individually.
Maybe the problem expects that each I_k tends to 0 as M→∞. However, later part IV uses residue theorem to find sum 1/n^2. That suggests the integral over the whole square tends to something nonzero? Actually by residue theorem, ∮C f(z) dz = 2πi * sum of residues inside C. As M→∞, the square encloses more poles at nπ, ±nπ, etc. The sum of residues inside is sum{n=-M}^{M} 1/(n^2 π^2) (excluding n=0? Actually n=0 pole is inside, residue -1/3). Wait, we have poles at z=nπ, n integer. Inside the square, as M→∞, we have poles at nπ for n = -M,...,M? But careful: square side R = π(2M+1). The square's right side at x = R/2 = π(2M+1)/2. So the poles on real axis are at nπ. The largest positive pole inside is less than R/2? Since R/2 = π(2M+1)/2 = πM + π/2. So poles at nπ with n up to M? Because nπ ≤ πM + π/2 implies n ≤ M + 0.5, so n ≤ M. Similarly negative poles down to -M. So inside we have poles at z = nπ for n = -M, -M+1, ..., M. That's 2M+1 poles plus z=0. But z=0 is also a pole (order 3). So total poles inside: 2M+1 + 1 = 2M+2 poles? Wait, n from -M to M inclusive gives 2M+1 poles, plus z=0 which is n=0 already counted? Actually n=0 is included in the list from -M to M. So total distinct poles: 2M+1 poles (including n=0). But n=0 is triple pole, others simple.
Thus sum of residues inside = residue at z=0 + sum_{n=-M, n≠0}^{M} 1/(n^2 π^2) = -1/3 + (2/π^2) * sum_{n=1}^{M} 1/n^2.
Now as M→∞, ∮C f(z) dz = 2πi * (-1/3 + (2/π^2) S_M) where S_M = sum{n=1}^{M} 1/n^2.
But also ∮_C f(z) dz = sum of integrals over four sides: I1+I2+I3+I4.
As M→∞, each I_k might have a limit. Possibly each I_k tends to 0? Then total integral tends to 0, implying -1/3 + (2/π^2) S∞ = 0? That would give S∞ = π^2/6, which is correct. So indeed total integral tends to 0 as M→∞. But we need to verify that each I_k individually tends to 0.
Let's compute limit of I_k. Since f(z) decays like 1/|z|^2 for large |z| (because cot(z) is bounded on the contour? Actually on vertical sides, x large, but cot(z) may not be bounded uniformly? Let's examine magnitude.
For large |z|, if Im(z) > 0, cot(z) → -i; if Im(z) < 0, cot(z) → i. But our vertical sides are at x = ±R/2, y from -R/2 to R/2. So on the top half of vertical side, y positive, cot(z) ~ -i; on bottom half, y negative, cot(z) ~ i. However, as R→∞, y ranges over finite interval, so cot(z) is bounded. Indeed, for fixed y, as |x|→∞, cot(z) tends to ±i depending on sign of y. But more precisely, |cot(z)| is bounded by some constant independent of x? Actually for large |x|, |cot(z)| is bounded by something like 2/(1-e^{-2|y|})? Let's compute: cot(z) = i (e^{2iz}+1)/(e^{2iz}-1). Let w = e^{2iz} = e^{2ix - 2y}. Then |w| = e^{-2y}. For y>0, |w|<1. Then (w+1)/(w-1) has magnitude bounded by (|w|+1)/(1-|w|). So |cot(z)| = |(w+1)/(w-1)| ≤ (e^{-2y}+1)/(1-e^{-2y}) = (1+e^{-2y})/(1-e^{-2y}) = coth(y). Similarly for y<0, |w|>1, then |cot(z)| = |(w+1)/(w-1)| = |(1+1/w)/(1-1/w)| ≤ (1+e^{2y})/(1-e^{2y})? Actually symmetry: cot(z) is odd in y? Not exactly. But we can bound |cot(z)| by some constant depending on y. Since y ∈ [-R/2, R/2], as R→∞, y can be arbitrarily large in magnitude, but on vertical sides, y is bounded by R/2, which goes to infinity. However, for large |y|, cot(z) tends to ±i, so bounded by 2 maybe. So overall, on the entire vertical side, |cot(z)| is bounded by some constant C (maybe depending on R? but uniformly for all R? Actually for large |y|, bound tends to 1). So we can say there exists a constant C such that |cot(z)| ≤ C for all z on those sides, independent of R? Not exactly, because as |y| increases, bound may increase? Let's compute bound: For y>0, |cot(z)| ≤ coth(y). coth(y) decreases to 1 as y→∞. So maximum over y≥0 is at y=0, but at y=0, cot(z) has poles, but our vertical side does not include y=0? Actually y=0 is included (since y from -R/2 to R/2). At y=0, cot(z) = cot(x) which is unbounded as x→∞? Wait, at y=0, cot(z) = cot(x) where x = ±R/2, which is large, but cot(x) oscillates and is unbounded? Actually cot(x) has poles at integer multiples of π, but for large x not near poles, cot(x) is bounded? No, cot(x) is not bounded as x→∞ because it has poles spaced by π, so near those poles it becomes arbitrarily large. But our vertical side is at x = R/2, which as R→∞ goes to infinity, but R/2 is not necessarily near a pole? However, we can choose R = π(2M+1). Then R/2 = π(2M+1)/2 = πM + π/2. That is not an integer multiple of π; it's π/2 mod π. So x = πM + π/2. Then cot(x) = cot(πM + π/2) = cot(π/2) = 0. So at y=0, cot(z) = cot(πM + π/2) = 0. So no pole on the vertical line. Similarly, on horizontal lines y = ±R/2, we have y = ±π(2M+1)/2, which is also π/2 mod π. So sin(y) = ±1? Actually sin(y) = sin(π(2M+1)/2) = sin(πM + π/2) = (-1)^M? Not important. But cot(z) on horizontal line: z = x ± i R/2, so cot(z) = cos(z)/sin(z). For large |y|, cot(z) tends to ±i, so bounded.
Thus on the entire contour, |cot(z)| is bounded by some constant independent of R? Possibly yes, because the contour avoids poles. We can find a uniform bound: For any z on the square, |cot(z)| ≤ C for some C? Let's test numerically for large M. But we can argue: On the vertical sides, x = ±R/2 = ±π(2M+1)/2. Then z = ±π(2M+1)/2 + iy. Write cot(z) = i (e^{2iz}+1)/(e^{2iz}-1). Compute e^{2iz} = e^{2i(±π(2M+1)/2 + iy)} = e^{±iπ(2M+1) - 2y} = e^{±iπ(2M+1)} e^{-2y}. Since e^{±iπ(2M+1)} = e^{iπ(2M+1)} for plus sign, and = e^{-iπ(2M+1)} for minus sign. But e^{iπ(2M+1)} = e^{iπ} e^{i2πM} = -1 * 1 = -1. Similarly e^{-iπ(2M+1)} = -1. So e^{2iz} = - e^{-2y} for right side (x = R/2). For left side (x = -R/2), e^{2iz} = - e^{-2y} as well? Let's compute: x = -R/2 = -π(2M+1)/2. Then e^{2iz} = e^{2i(-π(2M+1)/2 + iy)} = e^{-iπ(2M+1) - 2y} = e^{-iπ(2M+1)} e^{-2y} = (-1) e^{-2y}. So same: e^{2iz} = - e^{-2y}. So interestingly, on both vertical sides, e^{2iz} = - e^{-2y}. Then cot(z) = i ( - e^{-2y} + 1 )/( - e^{-2y} - 1 ) = i (1 - e^{-2y}) / (-(1+ e^{-2y})) = i (1 - e^{-2y}) / -(1+ e^{-2y}) = -i (1 - e^{-2y})/(1+ e^{-2y}) = -i tanh(y). Because tanh(y) = (e^y - e^{-y})/(e^y + e^{-y}) = (1 - e^{-2y})/(1+ e^{-2y}). So cot(z) = -i tanh(y) on right vertical side. Similarly, on left vertical side? We got same e^{2iz} = - e^{-2y}. So cot(z) = -i tanh(y) as well? Let's verify: For left vertical side, x = -R/2, we have e^{2iz} = - e^{-2y}. Then cot(z) = i (e^{2iz}+1)/(e^{2iz}-1) = i ( - e^{-2y} + 1 )/( - e^{-2y} - 1 ) = i (1 - e^{-2y})/( - (1+ e^{-2y})) = -i (1 - e^{-2y})/(1+ e^{-2y}) = -i tanh(y). So indeed on both vertical sides, cot(z) = -i tanh(y). That's neat!
Similarly, on horizontal sides: y = ±R/2 = ±π(2M+1)/2. Let's compute e^{2iz} = e^{2i(x ± i R/2)} = e^{2ix ∓ R}. Since R = π(2M+1), so e^{2iz} = e^{2ix} e^{∓ R}. For top side y = R/2, e^{2iz} = e^{2ix} e^{-R}. For bottom side y = -R/2, e^{2iz} = e^{2ix} e^{R}. Then cot(z) = i (e^{2iz}+1)/(e^{2iz}-1). For top side, since e^{2iz} is very small (magnitude e^{-R} extremely small), we have cot(z) ≈ i (1)/( -1 ) = -i. More precisely, cot(z) = i (e^{2ix} e^{-R} + 1)/(e^{2ix} e^{-R} - 1). As R→∞, e^{-R}→0, so cot(z) → i (0+1)/(0-1) = -i. Similarly, on bottom side, e^{2iz} is huge, so cot(z) ≈ i (e^{2ix} e^{R})/(e^{2ix} e^{R}) = i. Actually more precisely, for large e^{R}, (e^{2iz}+1)/(e^{2iz}-1) ≈ 1, so cot(z) ≈ i. Wait check: For bottom side, e^{2iz} = e^{2ix} e^{R}, magnitude large. Then (e^{2iz}+1)/(e^{2iz}-1) = (1 + e^{-2iz})/(1 - e^{-2iz}) ≈ 1, so cot(z) ≈ i. So on bottom side, cot(z) ≈ i.
But we need exact expression? Possibly we can bound |cot(z)| on horizontal sides by some constant.
Now compute integrals:
I1 = ∫{C1} f(z) dz = ∫{t=-R/2}^{R/2} f(R/2 + i t) i dt.
f(z) = cot(z)/z^2. On C1, cot(z) = -i tanh(t). So f(z) = -i tanh(t) / ( (R/2 + i t)^2 ). Then I1 = i ∫ dt * (-i tanh(t)) / ( (R/2 + i t)^2 ) = ∫ dt tanh(t) / ( (R/2 + i t)^2 ). Because i * (-i) = 1.
Thus I1 = ∫_{-R/2}^{R/2} tanh(t) / ( (R/2 + i t)^2 ) dt.
As R→∞, denominator ~ (R/2)^2 for large R? Actually (R/2 + i t)^2 = (R/2)^2 + i R t - t^2. For large R, this is ~ (R/2)^2. So integrand ~ tanh(t) / (R^2/4) = (4 tanh(t))/R^2. Since tanh(t) is odd, the integral over symmetric interval might be small? Actually tanh(t) is odd, but the integrand is tanh(t) / ( (R/2)^2 + ... ). Since denominator is even in t? Let's check: (R/2 + i t)^2 is not even in t; its real part is (R/2)^2 - t^2, imaginary part is R t. So the integrand is complex. But magnitude ~ O(1/R^2). So integral over t from -R/2 to R/2: length ~ R, so magnitude ~ O(1/R). So I1 → 0 as R→∞.
Similarly, I3 (left vertical side) also tends to 0.
Now I2: C2: z(t) = -t + i R/2, t from -R/2 to R/2. Then dz = -dt (since derivative w.r.t t is -1). Actually z(t) = -t + i R/2, so dz/dt = -1, so dz = -dt. Then I2 = ∫{t=-R/2}^{R/2} f(-t + i R/2) (-dt) = -∫{-R/2}^{R/2} f(-t + i R/2) dt.
But we can use symmetry: f is odd, so f(-z) = -f(z). Let w = t - i R/2? Not sure.
Alternatively, compute directly using cot expression on horizontal side. On top side (y = R/2), we have cot(z) ≈ -i for large R, but more precisely, we have exact expression? Earlier we derived e^{2iz} = e^{2ix} e^{-R}. Since R large, e^{-R} tiny. Then cot(z) = i (e^{2ix} e^{-R} + 1)/(e^{2ix} e^{-R} - 1). For large R, this is approximately -i, but we can bound its magnitude: |cot(z)| ≤ something.
But maybe easier: Since f(z) decays like 1/|z|^2, and the length of each side is O(R), the integral magnitude is O(1/R) → 0. So each I_k → 0 as M→∞.
Thus limit of each I_k is 0.
But wait, part III asks: "For each complex integral I_k = ∫C_k f(z) dz along C_k (k=1,2,3,4), find lim{M→∞} I_k." Likely answer is 0 for each.
Thus we can state lim I_k = 0.
Now part IV: Using residue theorem on ∮C f(z) dz = sum of residues inside. As M→∞, sum of residues inside = -1/3 + (2/π^2) S_M, where S_M = sum{n=1}^M 1/n^2. And ∮_C f(z) dz = I1+I2+I3+I4 → 0+0+0+0 = 0. Thus -1/3 + (2/π^2) S∞ = 0, so S∞ = π^2/6.
Thus S_2 = π^2/6.
Part V: g(z) = cot(z)/z^{2N}. They want sum_{n=1}^∞ 1/n^{2N} expressed in terms of D_m. They give D_m = lim_{z→0} d^m/dz^m (z cot z). For N=1, we have f(z) = cot(z)/z^2. Then sum 1/n^2 = π^2/6. In terms of D_m, we need to express sum 1/n^{2N} using D_m.
We need to derive general formula. For g(z) = cot(z)/z^{2N}, the poles: at z=0 pole of order 2N+1? Let's check: cot(z) ~ 1/z - z/3 - ... So g(z) ~ 1/z^{2N+1} - 1/(3 z^{2N-1}) - ... So pole order = 2N+1 at z=0. At z=nπ, simple pole as before.
Residue at z=nπ is 1/(n^{2N} π^{2N})? Wait: residue at z=nπ for g(z) = lim_{z→nπ} (z - nπ) g(z) = lim (z - nπ) cot(z)/z^{2N} = [lim (z - nπ) cot(z)] / (nπ)^{2N} = 1/(n^{2N} π^{2N}) as before.
Now consider contour integral ∮C g(z) dz. As M→∞, sum of residues inside = residue at z=0 + sum{n=-M, n≠0}^{M} 1/(n^{2N} π^{2N}) = Res(g,0) + (2/π^{2N}) S_M^{(2N)} where S_M^{(2N)} = sum_{n=1}^M 1/n^{2N}.
Now we need Res(g,0). Since g(z) = cot(z)/z^{2N} = (z cot(z))/z^{2N+1}. Write h(z) = z cot(z). Then g(z) = h(z)/z^{2N+1}. We know Laurent expansion of h(z) around 0: h(z) = 1 - (1/3) z^2 + ... (since D_2 = limit_{z→0} h''(z) = -2/3? Actually D_m = limit_{z→0} d^m/dz^m (z cot z). So D_m = h^{(m)}(0). Because h is analytic at 0? Let's check: h(z) = z cot(z) is analytic at 0 (since z cot(z) → 1). So h(z) has a Taylor series: h(z) = sum_{k=0}^∞ a_k z^k, with a_0 = 1, a_1 = 0, a_2 = D_2/2! ? Wait: D_m = h^{(m)}(0). So a_m = D_m / m!.
Thus h(z) = 1 + (D_1/1!) z + (D_2/2!) z^2 + (D_3/3!) z^3 + ... But D_1 = limit_{z→0} h'(z). Compute h'(z) = cot(z) - z csc^2(z). At z=0, limit? Use series: cot(z) = 1/z - z/3 - ..., so h'(z) = (1/z - z/3 - ...) - z (1/z^2 + ...)? Actually csc^2(z) = 1/z^2 + 1/3 + ... So z csc^2(z) = 1/z + ... So h'(z) = (1/z - z/3 - ...) - (1/z + ...) = -z/3 + ... So h'(0) = 0. So D_1 = 0. Similarly D_2 = -2/3 as given.
Thus h(z) = 1 + 0*z + (D_2/2!) z^2 + ... = 1 - (1/3) z^2 + ... (since D_2 = -2/3, D_2/2! = (-2/3)/2 = -1/3). Good.
Now g(z) = h(z)/z^{2N+1}. So residue at z=0 for g is coefficient of 1/z in expansion of g(z). That is coefficient of z^{2N} in h(z). Because g(z) = h(z) * z^{-(2N+1)}. Write h(z) = sum_{m=0}^∞ a_m z^m, a_m = D_m/m!. Then g(z) = sum_{m=0}^∞ a_m z^{m - 2N -1}. The term with exponent -1 occurs when m - 2N -1 = -1 => m = 2N. So residue at z=0 is a_{2N} = D_{2N}/(2N)!.
Thus Res(g,0) = D_{2N}/(2N)!.
Now by residue theorem, ∮C g(z) dz = 2πi [ Res(g,0) + sum{n=-M, n≠0}^{M} Res(g, nπ) ] = 2πi [ D_{2N}/(2N)! + (2/π^{2N}) S_M^{(2N)} ].
As M→∞, the integral over the square tends to 0 (similar argument as before, because g(z) decays like 1/|z|^{2N} and |cot(z)| bounded). So ∮_C g(z) dz → 0. Thus we have:
D_{2N}/(2N)! + (2/π^{2N}) S∞^{(2N)} = 0, where S∞^{(2N)} = sum_{n=1}^∞ 1/n^{2N}.
Thus sum_{n=1}^∞ 1/n^{2N} = - (π^{2N} D_{2N})/(2 (2N)!).
But wait sign: D_{2N}/(2N)! + (2/π^{2N}) S = 0 => S = - (π^{2N} D_{2N})/(2 (2N)!).
For N=1, S_2 = sum 1/n^2 = - (π^2 D_2)/(2 * 2!) = - (π^2 * (-2/3))/(4) = (π^2 * 2/3)/4 = (π^2 * 2)/(12) = π^2/6. Indeed matches.
Thus T = S_2 = π^2/6.
Now we need p = order of pole of f(z) at z=0 from I. f(z) = cot(z)/z^2, we determined order = 3. So p = 3.
r = residue of f(z) at z=0 from II = -1/3.
D_2 = -2/3 (given).
S_2 = π^2/6.
T = sum_{n=1}^∞ 1/n^2 from setting N=1 in general formula = π^2/6.
Thus T = S_2.
Now compute 𝒦 = 999 * (p^2 - 1) * (-3r) * (-D_2) * (S_2 / T).
First compute p^2 - 1 = 9 - 1 = 8.
-3r = -3 * (-1/3) = 1.
-D_2 = -(-2/3) = 2/3.
S_2 / T = (π^2/6) / (π^2/6) = 1.
Thus product = 999 * 8 * 1 * (2/3) * 1 = 999 * 8 * (2/3) = 999 * (16/3) = (999/3)*16 = 333 * 16 = 5328.
Check: 333*16 = 5328.
Thus 𝒦 = 5328.
We should verify with Python to ensure no mistakes.
Let's compute using Python:
p = 3 r = -1/3 D2 = -2/3 S2 = pi^2/6 T = pi^2/6 Compute expression.
We'll use sympy for exact rational.
But note: S2/T = 1 exactly, so we can compute rationally.
Compute step by step.
We'll write code. </think>
[PYTHON] import sympy as sp
Define values
p = 3 r = sp.Rational(-1, 3) # -1/3 D2 = sp.Rational(-2, 3) # -2/3 S2 = sp.pi2 / 6 T = sp.pi2 / 6
Compute expression
factor1 = p**2 - 1 # 9-1=8 factor2 = -3 * r # -3 * (-1/3) = 1 factor3 = -D2 # -(-2/3) = 2/3 factor4 = S2 / T # = 1
K = 999 * factor1 * factor2 * factor3 * factor4 print(K) print(K.evalf()) [/PYTHON]
[THOUGHT] The Python output shows K = 5328. Therefore, the final answer is 5328.
\boxed{5328}