In the two-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system, consider the curve represented by the following equations with the parameter (). Here, is a positive real constant.\begin{align}x(t) &= a(t - \sin t), \\y(t) &= a(1 - \cos t).\end{align}
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[(I-1)] Obtain the length of the curve when varies in the range .
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[(I-2)] For , obtain the curvature at an arbitrary point of the curve . In the three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system, consider the curved surface represented by the following equations with the parameters and ( and are real numbers):\begin{align}x(u, v) &= \sinh u \cos v, \\y(u, v) &= 2 \sinh u \sin v, \\z(u, v) &= 3 \cosh u.\end{align}
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[(II-1)] Express the curved surface by an equation without the parameters and .
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[(II-2)] Sketch the -plane view at and the -plane view at , respectively, of the curved surface. In the sketches, indicate the values at the intersections with each of the axes.
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[(II-3)] Express a unit normal vector of the curved surface by and . Here, the -component of should be positive.
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[(II-4)] Let be the Gaussian curvature at the point . Calculate the absolute value . Finally, define the following quantities:
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Let be the length of the cycloid in {\rm (I-1)}, and let be the curvature of at from {\rm (I-2)}. Define
- In {\rm (II-2)}, denote by and the - and -intercepts (respectively) of the cross-section of the surface by the plane , and by the -intercept of the cross-section by the plane . Define
- In {\rm (II-4)}, let be the absolute value of the Gaussian curvature at . Using these, define
Compute the integer .\
[THOUGHT] I will symbolically compute all needed quantities (α, β, δ, ρ) using Python and Sympy, then form S and 𝓚, and simplify exactly as rationals to get an integer result. [/THOUGHT] [PYTHON] import sympy as sp
Part I: Cycloid quantities
t, a = sp.symbols('t a', positive=True, real=True)
x = a*(t - sp.sin(t)) y = a*(1 - sp.cos(t))
dx = sp.diff(x, t) dy = sp.diff(y, t) ddx = sp.diff(dx, t) ddy = sp.diff(dy, t)
Speed and length L from t=0 to 2π
speed = sp.sqrt(dx2 + dy2) L = sp.simplify(sp.integrate(speed, (t, 0, 2*sp.pi)))
Curvature κ_L(t) = |x'y'' - y'x''| / ( (x'^2 + y'^2)^(3/2) )
numerator = sp.simplify(dxddy - dyddx) denominator = sp.simplify((dx2 + dy2)**sp.Rational(3,2)) kappa_t = sp.simplify(sp.Abs(numerator) / denominator)
Evaluate curvature at t = π (0 < π < 2π, so signs are clear)
kappa_pi = sp.simplify(kappa_t.subs(t, sp.pi))
alpha = L * κ_L(π)
alpha = sp.simplify(L * kappa_pi)
print("L =", L) print("kappa(t) =", kappa_t) print("kappa(pi) =", kappa_pi) print("alpha =", alpha)
Part II: Surface quantities via implicit form and cross-sections
u, v = sp.symbols('u v', real=True)
x_uv = sp.sinh(u)sp.cos(v) y_uv = 2sp.sinh(u)sp.sin(v) z_uv = 3sp.cosh(u)
Derive implicit equation: eliminate u,v
From parameterization we know: x^2 + (y^2)/4 = sinh^2(u)
and z = 3 cosh(u) => sinh^2(u) = cosh(u)**2 - 1 = (z^2/9) - 1
z = sp.symbols('z', real=True) implicit_eq = sp.Eq(x2 + y2/4, z**2/9 - 1) # as symbolic equation
Rearrange to standard form:
implicit_simplified = sp.simplify((x2 + y2/4) - (z**2/9 - 1))
print("Implicit equation (zero form) =", implicit_simplified)
Cross-section at z = 5: x^2 + y^2/4 = (z^2 - 9)/9
z_val = 5 rhs_ellipse = (z_val**2 - 9)/9 # = 16/9 Ax = sp.sqrt(rhs_ellipse) # when y=0 Ay = sp.sqrt(4rhs_ellipse) # when x=0, y^2/4 = rhs => y^2 = 4rhs Ax_simplified = sp.simplify(Ax) Ay_simplified = sp.simplify(Ay)
print("Ax =", Ax_simplified) print("Ay =", Ay_simplified)
Cross-section at y = 0:
From implicit: 9x^2 + (9/4)y^2 = z**2 - 9
Set y=0 => 9x^2 = z**2 - 9 => z^2 = 9x^2 + 9
x_sym = sp.symbols('x_sym', real=True) z_curve = sp.sqrt(9*x_sym**2 + 9) # positive branch since z>=3 Az = sp.simplify(z_curve.subs(x_sym, 0)) # z-intercept print("Az =", Az)
delta = sp.simplify(Ax_simplified * Ay_simplified * Az) rho = sp.simplify(Ay_simplified / Ax_simplified)
print("delta =", delta) print("rho =", rho)
Part II-4: Gaussian curvature β at (u,v) = (0,0)
x_u = sp.diff(x_uv, u) x_v = sp.diff(x_uv, v) y_u = sp.diff(y_uv, u) y_v = sp.diff(y_uv, v) z_u = sp.diff(z_uv, u) z_v = sp.diff(z_uv, v)
r_u = sp.Matrix([x_u, y_u, z_u]) r_v = sp.Matrix([x_v, y_v, z_v])
First fundamental form coefficients
E = sp.simplify(r_u.dot(r_u)) F = sp.simplify(r_u.dot(r_v)) G = sp.simplify(r_v.dot(r_v))
Unit normal n = (r_u × r_v)/|r_u × r_v|
r_u_cross_r_v = sp.simplify(r_u.cross(r_v)) norm_cross = sp.sqrt(r_u_cross_r_v.dot(r_u_cross_r_v)) n_vec = sp.simplify(r_u_cross_r_v / norm_cross)
print("r_u × r_v =", r_u_cross_r_v) print("Unit normal n(u,v) =", n_vec)
Second derivatives
x_uu = sp.diff(x_u, u) x_uv = sp.diff(x_u, v) x_vv = sp.diff(x_v, v)
y_uu = sp.diff(y_u, u) y_uv = sp.diff(y_u, v) y_vv = sp.diff(y_v, v)
z_uu = sp.diff(z_u, u) z_uv = sp.diff(z_u, v) z_vv = sp.diff(z_v, v)
r_uu = sp.Matrix([x_uu, y_uu, z_uu]) r_uv = sp.Matrix([x_uv, y_uv, z_uv]) r_vv = sp.Matrix([x_vv, y_vv, z_vv])
Second fundamental form coefficients
e = sp.simplify(n_vec.dot(r_uu)) f = sp.simplify(n_vec.dot(r_uv)) g = sp.simplify(n_vec.dot(r_vv))
print("E =", E) print("F =", F) print("G =", G) print("e =", e) print("f =", f) print("g =", g)
Gaussian curvature K = (eg - f^2) / (EG - F^2)
K_uv = sp.simplify((eg - f**2) / (EG - F**2))
Evaluate at u=0, v=0
K_00 = sp.simplify(K_uv.subs({u:0, v:0})) beta = sp.simplify(sp.Abs(K_00))
print("Gaussian curvature K(u,v) =", K_uv) print("K(0,0) =", K_00) print("beta =", beta)
Final S and K calculation
S = sp.simplify((alpha * beta * delta * rho)3) K_final = sp.simplify(999 * S2 + 7)
print("S =", S) print("K_final =", K_final)
[THOUGHT] Using the geometric and differential-geometric analysis (with the earlier Python outputs as guidance), we obtain:
- Cycloid length ,
- Curvature at : ,
- Hence .
For the surface:
- Implicit equation: .
- Cross-section at : ellipse , so .
- Cross-section at : , so . Thus .
At the point , corresponding to , viewing the surface as the graph , the Gaussian curvature via at is , so .
Therefore,
so
and
[/THOUGHT]